Gendered Societal Expectations of Appearance and Their Effects Upon the Individual Essay Example for Free

Gendered Societal Expectations of Appearance and Their Effects Upon the Individual Essay It has long been generally accepted that we as humans are influenced greatly by the things that surround our everyday lives. These things can include friends, family, co-workers, the media and even society as a whole. The society in which people live can play a huge role in how they view themselves and how they view others. Over the years researchers have come up with many theories as to how and why society has such a large influence on people. Now-a-days there are appearance prescriptions for everything in our society. It is not good to be too fat, but it is not good to be too skinny either. The way a person looks, dresses and acts is a large factor in how other people will think about, talk about and respond to them. These societal prescriptions also differentiate between other factors such as gender, race, level of education and more. Interestingly most of these prescriptions for appearance in society today are relatively unspoken until someone violates them. This paper will attempt to shed some light on the complex societal prescriptions regarding personal appearance and body imaging; more specifically it will delve into how those prescriptions are gendered within society and how people respond both positively and negatively to those prescriptions. As previously stated appearance prescriptions are very strong in our society especially when it comes to societal expectations regarding gender. These gendered expectations cause people to do all types of things for the sole purpose of fitting in to societal norms. Some women exercise religiously to maintain a good looking body, other women go tanning regularly because they think it is embarrassing, or even unacceptable, to be pale; there are also many men who do the same things for the same reasons. While looking good is not a bad thing sometimes these societal prescriptions, or expectations, can cause people to go too far. When people are not satisfied with themselves and their appearance they can become desperate and have feelings of inadequacy about their physical appearance. These feelings of inadequacy can lead to depression or making destructive decisions which can include but are not limited to over-eating or even eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia. There have been numerous studies done on the relationships between societal pressures to be thin and body dissatisfaction among both men and women. One such study, from the University of Texas at Austin that studied the effects of social pressure to be thin on women said that â€Å"These same pernicious messages (that one is not thin enough) are thought to foster negative affect, because appearance is a central evaluative dimension for women in Western culture† (Stice, 2003). This study tested what sources most influence societal expectations of appearance and the different ways those expectations can negatively affect women (Stice, 2003). It concluded that some of the biggest social pressures to be thin come from the mass media, family members and peers (Stice, 2003). It also concluded that the negative effects of these social pressures can go in two different directions, this is not to say that women negatively affected cannot fall victim to both types of effects (Stice, 2003). A synopsis of this study could say that societal expectations to be thin often create body dissatisfaction within women (Stice, 2003). This body dissatisfaction, which can often lead to depression, frequently leads to either restrictive dieting or binge eating. Restrictive dieting, while not bad in itself, can lead to unhealthy eating habits such as eating disorders, laxative abuse or other methods of losing weight that can be extremely harmful to the person practicing them, and binge eating â€Å"because it is commonly believed that eating provides comfort and distraction from negative emotions† (Stice, 2003). A similar experiment, coming from the University of Toronto, studied the relationship between body image and depression among adolescents regarding adiposity (Chaiton, 2009). This study suggests â€Å"that body dissatisfaction may mediate the relationship between overweight and depression† (Chaiton, 2009). It goes on to suggest that the relationship found between obesity and depression is differentiated by gender because of the difference in societal expectations placed on women and men (Chaiton, 2009). The study concluded that females experience body dissatisfaction almost solely when they believe they are overweight, whereas both males who believe that they are under or overweight experience body dissatisfaction which can in all cases lead to some level of depression (Chaiton, 2009). As the aforementioned study showed societal expectations concerning appearance can, and often do, affect men just as much as they do women (Chaiton, 2009). Our society pushes men to be big, muscular and manly. To certain degree the more muscular a man is the more attractive he generally is within society. A study from an international journal regarding social behavior and personality concluded that the attractiveness of a man is more important in determining social desirability than the age of the man in question (Perlini, 2001). Comparatively the results of these two studies add up to say that the attractiveness of a man is one of the main factors in determining societal desirability and one of the biggest factors in being attractive is being muscular or strong. This puts a lot of pressure on males to be concerned with how they look in comparison to society’s expectations of how they should look. There are numerous different theories as to why societal expectations differ between genders, but none that can definitively explain why prescriptions concerning appearance are the way they are (i. e. women should be skinny and men should be muscular). Some theorists take a biological approach saying that something within the genetic makeup of human beings causes men to be larger and more muscular and likewise causes women to be smaller and skinnier; therefore it is innate within human beings to prefer women to be skinnier and men to be more muscular. Other theories use a combination of nature, a biological approach, and nurture, an approach that says how and where people are raised effects how they view the world, to explain why there is such a gendered difference in societal expectations. While still others use strictly nurture based theories to explain these differences. An experiment from Colby College testing the awareness of preschoolers to societal expectations of gender showed that by the age of five or six humans can easily differentiate between what society expects differently of men than of women (Raag, 1998). Granted this study tested the societal expectations of gender based on toys (tools and dishes) and how the children themselves reacted to the toys as well as how the children thought others (parents, babysitters, friends, etc. ) would react to them playing with the aforementioned toys (Raag, 1998). On the whole the children were able to identify that the tools were for boys to play with and the dishes were for girls; the children also, with no hesitation, said that boys playing with dishes or girls playing with tools would often be responded to negatively by parents or babysitters or the like. That means that while this study cannot shed light on the societal expectations of strength versus thinness it does give some credence to the nurture side of the theories mentioned earlier (Raag, 1998). In summation the societal expectations of appearance can have both positive and negative effects upon people. Society pushes for women to be thin, but not too thin and for men to be muscular, but not too muscular. Society pushing people to be in shape is not a bad thing; studies have shown that being physically fit is not only good for people physically, but also mentally. When people feel attractive it boosts their confidence and self-esteem which has been proven to increase mental health. It just happens to be that some of the anxiety or stress put upon people to look good to others can cause them to do harmful things to themselves and others. For instance constant pressure from the media and other outside influences to be skinny and tan has led countless females to have eating disorders and go artificial tanning all the time, neither of which are conducive to being physically healthy. Those same influences have led to countless males developing eating disorders as well to lose weight or even start using all types of drugs, that harm themselves and can harm, or cause them to harm, others, such as anabolic steroids or pro-hormonal supplements simply to gain muscle mass at unnatural and unhealthy rates. The best thing anyone can do to help society as a whole to resist unhealthy expectations regarding appearance is to spread awareness. It may sounds overplayed but awareness about a problem and the education necessary to fix or even just alleviate that problem is always to first step to solving that problem. At the end of every abovementioned study the researchers conducting the study talked about the significance, or importance of that study, and every single researcher included somewhere in that section that raising awareness about the issue at hand was one of the most significant aspects to their respective studies. This is because being aware and educated about a problem is one of the most important and fundamental ways to confront a problem; especially one of this magnitude. This problem will never be solved if society as a whole does not become aware of, and change, how it effects people’s everyday lives regarding physical appearance.

The Criminalization of Knowingly Transmitting AIDS :: Health Medicine

Table of Contents Brief history of AIDS and the criminalization of knowingly transmitting it.......................................3 Interviews concerning the issue............................4 Reasons for the criminalization of knowingly transmitting AIDS..................................................5 Reasons against the criminalization of knowingly transmitting AIDS.....................................7 My position and conclusion.................................8 Brief History of AIDS and the Criminalization of Knowingly Transmitting It Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The virus was discoverd independently in France in 1983 and in the United States in 1984. In the United States, it was initially identified in 1981. In 1986, a second virus, now called HIV- 2, was also discovered in Africa. HIV-2 also causes AIDS. AIDS is transmitted in three ways: From sexual contact without protection, from the mixing of ones blood with infected blood, and from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus. Infection can occur from blood transfusions of infected blood, or sharing 'dirty' needles. (Needles already used, in this case, by a HIV positive person.) The criminalization of intentionally spreading AIDS has been a big issue recently, and still remains so. As of September, 1991, legislation criminalizing AIDS transmission has been passed in 24 states. Among these states are California, Idaho, Ohio, Missouri, Michigan, and South Carolina. Under these current laws, it is a crime to knowingly transmit the virus through sex, sharing needles, donating infected blood, organs, or skin tissue. The first person to go to court under these laws in Michigan was Jeffrey Hanlon. Hanlon was a gay man who infected another man from Michigan while he was in New York. The American Civil Liberties Union, who agreed to take the case, agrued that the AIDS disclosure law is unconstitutional. Privacy of those with AIDS is what they were worried about. Opponents argued that "they're [those with AIDS] killing people. It's like rape." The maximum sentence Hanlon could have recieved was four years in prison and a $2000 fine. In addition, under the current New York State law, which dates back well before June, 1987, the knowing transmission of a venerial disease is a felony. However, at that time, and currently, AIDS was not classified as a venerial disease. Interviews Concerning the Issue Most people believe that the willful transmission of AIDS to others it virtually murder. I have interviewed **name** and **name**. Both of them feel that intentionally passing AIDS on to another person is murder.

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 22

The week of the Founders Ball came with a cold spell that settled into Mystic Falls and refused to leave. Ladies walked around town in midafternoon in wool coats and shawls, and the evenings were cloudy and starless. Out in the field, workers fretted about an early frost. Still, that didn't stop people from as far away as Atlanta coming into town for the ball. The boarding-house was full, and the entire town had a carnival-like air in the days leading up to the event. Damon was back at Veritas, his mysterious tenure with the brigade over. I hadn't told him that Katherine and I were attending the Founders Ball, and he hadn't asked. Instead, I'd busied myself with work, feeling renewed vigor about taking over Veritas. I wanted to prove to Father that I was serious about the estate and about growing up and assuming my place in the world. He'd been giving me more responsibility, allowing me to look over the ledgers and even encouraging me to go to Richmond with Robert to attend a livestock auction. I could see my life, ten years from now. I'd run Veritas, and Katherine would run the inside of the home, hosting parties and playing the occasional card game at night with Father. The night of the ball, Alfred knocked on my door. â€Å"Sir? Do you require any assistance?† he asked as I swung the door open. I glanced at my reflection in the mirror. I was dressed in a black long-tailed coat and tie, with my hair slicked back. I looked older, more confident. Alfred followed my gaze. â€Å"Looking smart, sir,† he allowed. â€Å"Thank you. I'm ready,† I said, my heart fluttering in excitement. Last night, Katherine had teased me mercilessly, not giving me any clues as to what she was going to wear. I couldn't wait to see her. I knew she'd be the most beautiful girl at the ball. More important, she was mine. I headed down the stairs, relieved that Damon was nowhere to be found. I wondered whether he was attending the Founders Ball with some of his army friends or perhaps one of the town's girls. He'd been distant lately, impossible to find in the morning and at the tavern at night. Outside, the horses were pawing at the drive. I entered the waiting coach, which clip-clopped its way to the carriage house. I glanced out the window, and noticed Katherine and Emily standing at the front door. Emily wore a simple black silk dress, but Katherine †¦ I had to press my back into the carriage seat to keep from jumping out of the moving coach. Her dress was emerald green, nipping in at the waist dress was emerald green, nipping in at the waist before flowing over her hips. The bodice was low and tight and showed off her creamy white skin, and her hair was pulled back on the top of her head, exposing her graceful, swan-like neck. The second Alfred pulled back on the horses' reins, I opened the door of the coach and hopped out, smiling broadly as Katherine's eyes caught mine. â€Å"Stefan!† Katherine breathed, lifting her skirts slightly as she glided down the stairs. â€Å"Katherine.† I gently kissed her cheek before I offered my arm to her. Together, we turned and walked toward the carriage, where Alfred stood with the door open. The road to Mystic Falls was filled with unfamiliar coaches of all shapes and sizes, leading to the Lockwood mansion on the far end of town. I felt a thrill of anticipation. This was the first time I'd ever escorted a girl to the Founders Ball. In all previous years, I'd spent most of the evenings playing poker with my friends. Invariably some sort of disaster happened. Last year, Matthew Hartnett had gotten drunk on whiskey and had accidentally unhitched the horses from his parents' coach, and two years ago, Nathan Layman had gotten into a fistfight with Grant Vanderbilt, and both ended up with broken noses. We slowly made our way up to the mansion, finally reaching the front walk. Alfred stopped the horses and let us out. I laced my fingers with Katherine's, and together we walked through the open doors of the mansion and headed toward the dining room. The high-ceilinged room had been cleared of all furniture, and the candlelight lent a warm, mysterious glow to the walls. A band in the corner played Irish reels, and couples were already beginning to dance, even though the night was young. I squeezed Katherine's hand, and she smiled up at me. â€Å"Stefan!† I whirled around and saw Mr. and Mrs. Cartwright. I dropped Katherine's hand immediately. Mrs. Cartwright's eyes were red, and she was positively gaunt compared to the last time I saw her. Meanwhile, Mr. Cartwright seemed to have aged ten years. His hair was snow-white, and he was walking with the aid of a cane. Both wore purple sprigs of vervain–a tuft stuck out of Mr. Cartwright's breast pocket, and the flowers were woven into Mrs. Cartwright's hat–but other than that, they were clad entirely in black, for mourning. â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. Cartwright,† I said, my stomach clenching with guilt. In truth, I'd nearly forgotten that Rosalyn and I had been engaged. â€Å"It's good to see you.† â€Å"Y could have seen us sooner if you'd come ou to call on us,† Mr. Cartwright said. He could barely hide the contempt in his voice when his gaze landed on Katherine. â€Å"But I understand you must have been in deep †¦ grief as well.† â€Å"I will come now that I know you're taking visitors,† I said lamely, tugging at my collar, which suddenly felt quite tight around my neck. â€Å"No need,† Mrs. Cartwright said icily as she reached into her sleeve to pull out a handkerchief. Katherine clasped Mrs. Cartwright's hand. Mrs. Cartwright looked down, an expression of shock on her face. A wave of apprehension ran through me, and I fought the urge to step between them and shield Katherine from their anger. But then Katherine smiled, and amazingly, both Cartwrights smiled back. â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. Cartwright, I am so sorry for your loss,† she said warmly, holding their gazes. â€Å"I lost my parents during the Atlanta siege, and I know how hard it is. I didn't know Rosalyn well, but I do know she will never be forgotten.† Mrs. Cartwright blew her nose noisily, her eyes watering. â€Å"Thank you, dear,† she said reverentially. Mr. Cartwright patted his wife on the back. â€Å"Y thank you.† He turned to me, compassion es, replacing the scorn that had occupied his eyes just moments earlier. â€Å"And please take care of Stefan. I know he's suffering.† Katherine smiled as the couple rejoined the crowd. I gaped in amazement. â€Å"Did you compel them? † I asked, the word tasting bitter in my mouth. â€Å"No!† Katherine placed her hand over her heart. â€Å"That was good, old-fashioned kindness. Now, let's dance,† she said, tugging me toward the large ballroom. Luckily, the dance floor was a crush of bodies and the lighting was low, so it was almost impossible to make out specific people. Flower garlands hung from the ceiling, and the marble floor was waxed to a sheen. The air was hot and cloying, with the scent of hundreds of competing perfumes. I put my hand on Katherine's shoulders and tried to relax into the waltz. But I still felt jumpy. The conversation with the Cartwrights had stirred my conscience, making me feel vaguely disloyal to Rosalyn's memory, and to Damon. Had I betrayed him somehow by not telling him that Katherine and I were at the ball together? Was it wrong that I'd been grateful for his prolonged absences? The band stopped, and as women adjusted their dresses and grasped their partners' hands again, I headed toward the refreshment table in the corner. â€Å"Are you all right, Stefan?† Katherine asked, gliding up beside me, worry lines creasing her lovely forehead. I nodded, but I didn't break my stride. â€Å"Just thirsty,† I lied. â€Å"Me too.† Katherine stood expectantly as I ladled the dark-red punch into a crystal tumbler. I passed the glass to her and watched as she drank deeply, wondering if that was what she looked like when she drank blood. When she placed the glass on the table, she had the slightest trace of red liquid around her mouth. I couldn't help it. With my index finger I wiped the drop off the side of her bow-shaped mouth. Then I put my finger in my own mouth. It tasted sweet and tangy. â€Å"Are you sure you're all right?† Katherine asked. â€Å"I'm worried about Damon,† I confessed as I poured myself a glass of punch. â€Å"But why?† Katherine asked, genuine confusion registering on her face. â€Å"Because of you,† I said simply. Katherine took the tumbler from me and led me away from the refreshment table. â€Å"He's like a brother to me,† she said, touching my brow with her icy fingers. â€Å"I'm like his little sister. Y know ou this.† â€Å"But all those times when I was sick? When you and he were together? It seemed like †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It seemed like I needed a friend,† Katherine said firmly. â€Å"Damon's a flirt. He doesn't want to be tied down, nor would I want to be tied to him. Y ou are my love, and Damon is my brother.† All around us, couples swirled in the semi- darkness, dipping in time to the music and laughing gaily at private jokes, seemingly without a care in the world. They, too, had to worry about attacks and the war and heartbreak, but they still laughed and danced. Why couldn't I as well? Why did I always have to doubt myself? I glanced at Katherine. A dark curl had come loose from her updo. I tucked it behind her ear, relishing the silky feel of the strands between my fingers. Longing coursed through me, and as I stared into her deep brown eyes, all feelings of guilt and unease vanished. â€Å"Shall we dance?† asked Katherine, taking my hand and pressing it to her cheek. Through the crowded dance floor, I spotted Father, Mr. Cartwright, and the rest of the Founders whispering furiously in a far corner. â€Å"No,† I whispered huskily. â€Å"Let's go home.† I grabbed Katherine's shoulder, and we whirled around the dance floor until we reached the kitchen, where servants were busily preparing refreshments. Hand in hand, we tore through the kitchen–much to the confusion of the servants –and exited at the back of the house. We sprinted into the night, oblivious to the cold air, the shrieks of laughter from the mansion, and the fact that we'd just run out on the social event of the season. The coach was tied near the Lockwoods' stable. Alfred was no doubt playing craps with the other servants. â€Å"After you, my lady,† I said, lifting Katherine by the waist and placing her in the passenger seat. I hoisted myself up to the driver's seat and cracked the whip, which immediately caused the horses to start clip-clopping in the direction of home. I grinned at Katherine. We had an entire evening of freedom in front of us, and it was intoxicating. No having to sneak into the carriage house. No skirting the servants. Just hours of uninterrupted bliss. â€Å"I love you!† I yelled, but the wind stole the words as soon as they left my mouth. I imagined them traveling with the breeze, floating through the entire world until every person in every town knew of my love. Katherine stood up in the coach, her curls whipping wildly around her face. â€Å"I love you, too!† she shouted, and then collapsed into giggles on the seat. By the time we got back to the carriage house, we were both sweaty and red-cheeked. The second we reached Katherine's chambers, I pulled the dress off her slim frame and, seized by my passion, gently ran my teeth against her neck. â€Å"What are you doing?† She stepped back and stared at me sharply. â€Å"I'm just †¦Ã¢â‚¬  What was I doing? Playacting? Trying to seem as if Katherine and I were the same? â€Å"I guess I wanted to know how you feel when you †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Katherine bit her lip. â€Å"Maybe someday you'll find out, my innocent, sweet Stefan.† She lay back on the bed, arranging her hair on the snow-white goose-down pillow. â€Å"But right now, all I want is you. â€Å" I lay down next to her, tracing the curve of her chin with my index finger as I put my lips to hers. The kiss was so soft and tender that I felt her essence and mine combine, creating a force that was larger than ourselves. We explored each other's bodies as if for the first time. In the dim light of her chambers, I was never sure where reality ended and my dreams began. There was no shame, no expectation, just passion and desire, and a sense of danger that was mysterious and beautiful and consuming. That night, I would have allowed Katherine to consume me entirely and claim me for her own. I would have gladly offered up my neck if it meant that we could have stayed locked in that embrace for all of eternity.

Hester As A Strong Female Character And The Scarlet Letter

Jailah Johnson Mr. Powell English III CP Per.5 06 November 2015 Hester as a Strong Female Character and The Scarlet Letter as a Feminist Novel In The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, a question arises: Is The Scarlet Letter a feminist novel? First, what is feminism? Feminism is â€Å"the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men†. Feminism is really about a woman’s strength since the act of feminism causes a woman to go against traditional views and be ridiculed for that. What does feminism have to do with The Scarlet Letter? Hawthorne denotes true feminism through his main character, Hester Prynne. Hester represents a strong woman who had to deal with life’s trials and tribulations from being publically humiliated for committing adultery, having to raise a child by herself, being forced to take all of the blame in her situation, and even being seen as one who is not worthy as a knowledgeable Puritan woman in Puritan society. Hester represented feminism well before feminism was even culturally relevant. Hester’s remarkable s trength is portrayed through direct and indirect characterization, and it is this very strength that makes The Scarlet Letter a feminist novel. The Scarlet Letter was first published in 1850. Hawthorne originally wrote the novel to expose the hypocrisy that was going on in organized religion. 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The story was written by a man named Nathaniel Hawthorne, only about a decade after his story took place, which meant that society in hisRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne And The Hungarian Novel Colours And Years1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe categorisation of female characters as heroines is often less obvious than the one of male characters as heroes. In a lot of contexts, â€Å"women and men are left with the impression that women are not heroic†. In other words, sometimes people tend to regard fictional women as inferior characters to whom the traditional notion of heroism cannot be applied. Yet, with the purpose of proving such a thesis wrong, this essay will examine the historical romance The Scarlet Letter written by NathanielRead MoreFeminism in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay551 Words   |  3 PagesWritten in 1850, The Scarlet Letter stood as a very progressive book. With new ideas about women, main characters’ stories intertwined, and many different themes, The Scarlet Letter remains today as a extremely popular novel about 17th century Boston, Massachusetts. Not only was the 19th century a time for the abolition of slavery movement but it was also the beginning of the first wave of feminism. Women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucretia Mott catalyzed the women’sRead MoreScarlet Letter Feminist Novel Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesIs The Scarlet Letter a feminist novel? Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter is about a woman living in Boston during the 1630s. Her name is Hester Prynne and she has committed the crime of adultery and is caught when she is found to be pregnant. The book picks up when she is having a scarlet A placed on her breast for â€Å"adultery† and after the child is already born. After 7 more years, it picks up and the readers can see what she goes through and how she and the townspeople around herRead MoreFeminism in the Scarlet Letter1297 Words   |  6 PagesJane Jonga Research Paper 11 March 2008 Hawthorne’s Hester Prynne and Feminism â€Å"In Heaven’s own time, a new truth would be revealed, in order to establish the whole relation between man and woman on a surer ground of mutual happiness† (ch.24).The definition of feminism would be women are inherently equal to men and deserve equal rights and opportunities. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is the key example for feminism in the novel. In Puritan times, women were thought

Organizational Behavior Organizational Structure and the...

Organizational behavior Organizational structure and the chain of command Organizational structure plays a huge role in dividing, grouping and coordinating activities within organizations. This helps to create a formal description of how job tasks are performed and also helps in other aspects such as departmentalization and specifying the role of each department, work specialization where each person gets a specific task based on their department and role, creating a chain of command through which issues arising within the organization are sorted ADDIN EN.CITE Okpara2004314(Okpara, 2004)31431432OkparaJob Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: Are there differences between American and Nigerian Managers Employed in the US MNCs in Nigeria?Academy of Business Administrative SciencesMasters in Business Administration2004SwitzerlandBriarcliffe College( HYPERLINK l _ENREF_5 o Okpara, 2004 #314 Okpara, 2004). 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Actually, the organization structures have changed during the past 50 years, and organizational strategies alsoRead MoreApplication Of Software And Hardware Essay899 Words   |  4 Pageschanges and modifications by anyone without any licensing requirements and is generally free to the public. In a business sense, it generally allows easy transfer of information and resources between components both within and outside the company. Organizational Size: often determined by number of employees, extent of operations as well as the breadth and scope of its market share; ie, Small, medium, and large are the generally accepted classifications. Small companies strive to be larger and larger companiesRead MoreRules And Regulation Of A Bureaucratic Organization Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesgoals. Rules and regulations have the utmost importance in any organization. Max Weber (1864-1920), is known as the father of the bureaucratic management theory. A bureaucratic organization is the type of management, which has a hierarchical structure of command. Bureaucratic organization works using formal rules. These rules are often known as standard operating procedures (SOP). The application of these rules is strict and unavoidable for employees. Bureaucratic leaders always follow business rulesRead MoreWhat Are The Six Elements Of An Organization s Structure1048 Words   |  5 Pages1. Identify the six elements of an organi zation s structure. To start off, Organizational structure is the way in how a job task are divided, grouped, and or coordinated. Within this structure there are six elements which are as followed; Work Specialization. Departmentalization, Chain of command, span of control, Centralization and Decentralization, and Formalization. To begin, Work Specialization is the element in which the task is broken up into separate jobs that someone within a group or teamRead MoreComparison of Different Organizational Structures1425 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational structure For any organization to be effective there has to be an effective organizational structure in place. An organizational structure is therefore a typically hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority, communications, rights and duties of an organization. In other words it is a form of structure that determines the hierarchy and reporting structure in the organization. In lay mans language it is referred to as organizational chart. 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Sacred Scripture - 2629 Words

Sacred Scripture Last Friday afternoon, we had class Some students had other priorities. Therefore, if you missed class on Friday, you have a make-up assignment. You must write me a 1-2 page paper for Wednesday. Question: Who wrote the Bible? You must discuss 1) the traditional evidence for Moses; 2) the Documentary hypothesis. This is ONLY for those who MISSED Friday. The names of God. Lord: Adonai (Hebrew) LORD: Yahweh or Jehovah or I am who I am. God: Elohim (Hebrew). God Almighty: El Shaddai. Most ancient Jews thought that Moses wrote the Torah/Pentateuch (first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy). Moses is traditionally thought to have lived in the 1200sBC. The names of God appear†¦show more content†¦Read Psalms 2, 19, 23, 51, 110, 139 Moses: c.1200 leads Israel out of Egypt Joshua: c.1100 leads Israel into the land of Canaan. David: 1010-970 BC—second king of Israel, brings ark of the covenant to Jerusalem, his new capital. Solomon: 970-930 BC—third king, builds temple, places ark of the covenant inside the temple. Psalm 2: anointedMessiah Psalm 19: the ten commandments Psalm 23: the Christological reading ------------------------------------------------- Psalm 51: Penance (!) Homework for next week is the Gospel of Mark 1.1 The beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ Christ means anointed; anointed with oil. * Prophet * Priest, especially the high priest * The king Messiah=moschiach (Hebrew)=Christos(Greek) Christ. The messiah is destined to liberate the people of Israel. St Mark’s Gospel: the preaching of St Peter (Aramaic) translated into Greek in the city of Rome. AD 41-44 date of authorship. Last 12 verses were added later, sometime c.AD 110. Jesus as the New Moses according to St Mark. Mark 6.30-46. Jesus multiplies the bread and the fish. Moses gives manna from heaven. Mark 6.47-52. Jesus walks on water. Quiz: Jesus as New Moses in St Mark’s Gospel. ********************************************** St Luke (!) Who wrote St Luke’s gospel? What other book did St Luke write? Luke-Acts What was St Luke’s profession? Medical doctor When was Luke-Acts written?Show MoreRelatedHinduism And The Sacred Scriptures1133 Words   |  5 PagesTen Commandments. On the other hand, the Hindus believe in a supreme being who is the guider of the human beings and oversee the adherence of concepts like dharma, karma, and truth. They also believe in the authority of the Vedas which is the sacred scriptures, its interpretation may vary greatly. Important Vedic deities in Hindu The Hindus have incorporated different pantheons of deities and some are the manifestation or the combination of the others. Some of these deities mentioned in the VedasRead MoreThe Biblical Inspiration Of The Sacred Scripture1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Biblical Inspiration Inspiration of the Sacred Scripture God is the absolute Being: â€Å"He has made everything suitable for its time; moreover he has put a sense of past and future into their minds† (Ecclesiastes 3:11). God reveals himself to humanity particularly through human language . Divine Revelation is personal and relational. The meaning of God’s revelation is included his words and actions given for the salvation of humanity. Interestingly, â€Å"revelation is rooted in the oral proclamationRead MoreThe Word Of God And The Sacred Scriptures Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe word of God or human word? 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Also, these two religions have different views on the creation of the universe, both of these topics will be discussed here. ItRead MoreMatthew Paolini . Religion: Sacred Scripture . Mrs. Williams1024 Words   |  5 PagesMatthew Paolini Religion: Sacred Scripture Mrs. Williams November 18th, 2016 Saint Sebastian Mahatma Ghandi once said, â€Å"The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.†(Gandhi). Forgiveness is something that you have to own up to and owning up to something you have done is not always the easiest thing to do. Even though it is hard to do, the strongest people can admit when they have done something they were not supposed to. In Christianity, a religion of selflessnessRead MoreThe Historical Critical Method Of Bible Interpretation1749 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, scholars have been debating the validity of using the historical-critical method in Lutheran seminaries, in the context of Scripture interpretation. Some scholars, who prefer Martin Luther’s grammatical-critical method, are concerned that the historical-critical method creates an environment of doubt and confusion. I will evaluate and review two articles that pertain to this subject, The Historical-Critical Method of Bible Interpretation written by Seigert W. Becke r and Higher CriticismRead MoreReligious Traditions768 Words   |  4 PagesElements of Religious Traditions In the following paragraphs, I will explain how religious traditions describe and encourage the relationships with the divine, sacred time, sacred space or natural world, and with each other. Next, I will identify issues that are critical. Finally, I will include examples of various religious traditions. Relationship with the divine Divinity is the power of having attributes and the quality of being divine. In earlier times, divinity was believed to give anRead MoreClarifying the Divine Revelation Essays601 Words   |  3 Pages the Apostles left bishops as their successors. Therefore, giving the bishops authority to teach and proclaim the word of god. The tradition which comes from the Apostles developed in the Church with the help of the Holy Spirit. Tradition and Scripture are closely bound together since they come from the same divine source, which is the Bible. Its â€Å"the speech of God as it is put down in writing under the breath of the Holy Spirit. Tradition transmits the Word of God which was given to the ApostlesRead MoreThe Jewish faith revolves around the theme of relationships between the Creator, mankind and the900 Words   |  4 Pagesis through these relationships that Jewish Beliefs, Customs and Sacred Writings interlink throughout the Jewish religion. The festival Rosh Hashanah is a prim e example of where Jewish practices strongly associate with the beliefs and Sacred Scriptures of Judaism. Through the links between customs, traditions and Sacred Writings, adherents to the Jewish faith affiliate with not only their communities, but with themselves and God. Sacred Texts and Writings are the foundations of all beliefs and practicesRead MoreThe Prayer Of The Sacred1678 Words   |  7 Pages For most religions, the sacred feels as though it is out of reach or untouchable. One typically cannot have a direct conversation with whom they consider sacred, so they pray to their god(s), hoping that their prayers will be heard and answered. Another aspect of following a religion is having a deep feeling of either love, respect or fear for the sacred. No matter the feeling, it is critical for one who follows it to reach out with prayer and tell their sacred how they feel,profess their faith

Adapting New Technologies Large Scale Employee

Question: Discuss about the Impacts of adopting new technology on employees in large-scale businesses. Answer: Introduction As we seek to deeply understand the impact of new technology on the employees performance in large scale business organizations, Drumea (2016) understand the adoption of new technology in a workplace as an innovation process. A study by Chatterjee, Sarker, and Valacich (2015) defines research as comprising of defining or redefining problems, formulation of hypothesis and suggested solutions, collection, organization and evaluation of data, deduction making and conclusions. This proposal presents information for research to analyze the impact of implementing new technological ideas on the performance of employees in a large scale business working environment. In many cases, I have realized there are many challenges to employees that come with the adoption of new technology. Even though it is good to embrace changes, Dimitrakos (2012) points out those organizations with employees designated responsibilities on different fields and levels find it hard to get along with the new technolog ical advancements. My research will thus focus on examining the outcomes of the technological changes on the employees, customers, and the organization itself. According to Wirtz and Gttel, 2016 the current business environment is very dynamic and competitive despite the technological advancements that are present today. It is hence recommended that every individual should have an understanding of the need for technology. Every individual with a small or large-scale business idea need to have a clear knowledge and understanding of the impact of new technology on the social business environments for a better employees and customer relations. Drumea (2016) denotes that many employees with little IT skills tend to suffer due to workload while the user readiness level in adopting the technological changes is also small. Iyengar, Sweeney, and Montealegre (2015) note that the adoption of new technology is mainly to grow the business and provide easy training, education, and recruitment services to employees for the benefit of both the employees and the organization. It is supported by Mirvis, Sales, and Hackett (1991) who denote that new technolo gy is not limited to sales, management, and finance, but it is an extensive subject that affects both smalls, medium, and large scale businesses. Technology is useful for the organization's performance and work effectiveness. Even for the organizational learning, IT is essential for effective performance of an organization according to Otim et al., (2012). As customer base continue to enlarge for large-scale business organizations coupled with stiff competition and market dynamics, customer satisfaction is a primary objective and can only be met by adopting new technology in the business environment. This paper hence presents a detailed literature review on the adoption of new technology in the business environment. The aim of the study In working towards a successful research project on the study of the impact of new technology on a global business point of view, the study gives a high priority to the focus on the impact on employees in large scale businesses. It is an area that tends to be more dynamic and with a large number of employees and a load of work. Today, many studies indicate that a business can only be successful if it embraces new technology to facilitate its product advertisements and customer response among other dynamic aspects of the market. In this paper, my objectives will include; Exploring the impact of new technological techniques in a large scale business organization Establishing the success factor for adopting new technological information system by the customers and employees in an organization. The identification of the advantages of implementing new technology in business Study hypothesis The study hypothesis for the research will include; Every business that is dependent on IT in the current global market requires a well-trained staff Many business organizations and firms worldwide have adopted the use of new technology for the success of their businesses The adaptation of new technology has many advantages in the success of a large-scale business in the currently competitive global market. Research question Every small, medium, or large scale business organization has a reason for adopting new technology while applying specific strategies and techniques to successfully achieve those goals as denoted by Mirvis, Sales, and Hackett (2010). The main research questions will be; what is the impact of adopting new technology on the employees of large-scale businesses? Justification and potential output Before the onset of technology, many companies had limited growth. It was essential for any company to consider operations and activities that could only be handled manually with a limited computer application. For instance, the establishment of resources in the company was difficult since tracking all the resources getting in and out cannot be done in real-time (Cudavov Jasko, 2012). For that to happen, a company has to stop its operations. Second, the accountability of employees in their different roles was a problem. Unlike in the current days, employees during those times would escape their roles without being noticed. Furthermore, even allocation of jobs to the employees was not done effectively due to fewer communication channels and tools for the allocation of the job (Chua et al., 2012). Revenue collection and accountability before technology were a huge problem. Many companies revenues collected from different sources could be handled well. The problem occurs due to the absence of management tools. Assets utilization problem was also witnessed before implementation of technology (Birch et al., 2014). The reason behind that is due to some of the inventory in the company were over-utilized while others were under-utilized. The problem occurs due to lack of a system that outlines the capacity of the assets available. Non-effective marketing methods further characterize period before implementation of technology. It is tough to meet potential clients without proper marketing methods. Physical meetings and strategies were not only tedious but also frustrating. However, the emergence and adoption of new technology have brought a big progress in the business sector. The research thus seeks to find out if it has also impacted on the life and performance of employees. The re sult of the research will be published to provide a better understanding of the employees performance as a result of adopting new technology in business. Conceptual framework: Literature review Nature of large scale business environment Large scale business organizations have traits that differentiate them from small scale businesses. The mode of operation of such kind of business is different and sometimes complicated. First, the huge organization is characterized by a high number of employees. In most cases, the number of employees ranges from 300 to 5000. Furthermore, there are extreme cases, where organizations have more than 10,000 employees. Coca-Cola is one of the big companies with about 37000 employees, as depicted by (Baden-Fuller, 2013). In addition to a high number of employees, huge companies are characterized by diverse technical skills of employees. As depicted by Bilbao-Osorio (2013), any huge company entails engineers, marketers, computer analysts and lawyers. Menzel (2013), points out that Apple Inc. consists of software engineers, marketers, telecommunications experts, hardware engineers, IT specialists and legal practitioners. All these employees are required for the operations of the company. Large companies also have a high amount of revenue which results from the high level of activity. There are multiple sources of revenue in such companies. It is worth noting that some large organizations have multiple activities that generate revenues like selling commodities such as laptops while also providing software services (Busch, 2013). Additionally, large scale businesses are characterized by a huge number of total assets and inventory. The assets value is normally huge, in most cases more than $ 200 million. They include not only machinery and equipment but also materials, property, and stock. The necessity of these assets is owed to the production and operation processes. Chen, Ramamurthy, and Wen (2012) also note that large-scale organization has multiple locations. These locations may entail plants, warehouses, divisions and branches. Such case is illustrated where Apple Inc., has its assembly plant in China while the headquarters is based in America. Huge organizations also have a management structure that is complex due to multiple levels of hierarchy. All the levels of management are characterized by different responsibilities, power, and authority. Need to embrace new technology in large-scale businesses The need to adopt new technology in modern businesses is inevitable according to McDougall (2015). Many reasons accompany integration of technology in production. Currently, technology has helped companies to grow significantly. The online practices have proved to be more efficient than the physical and manual operations. Technology facilitates training and recruitment practices as the hectic processes of sending resumes to the organizations are eliminated when a company develops and implements e-recruitment practices. The process of recruitment is not only fast but very efficient. On the other hand, technology ensures adequate training of employees in an organization. Through technology, programs such as e-learning and evaluation methods are frequently implemented technology (Birch et al., 2014). Technology enhances speed and accuracy of decision-making. The decision-making process is vital for every organization. Companies have to make useful decisions on how to produce, where to purchase and where to sell. Through technology, such decisions are easy to make due to accurate forecasting and synthesis of information. In the wake of the modern days characterized by changing fashion, there is a need for organizations to adopt technology to stay relevant. The performance of organization due to improved technology increases. As depicted in the growth of Ford Company, the rise of the company happened due to increased sales as a result of online marketing platform. As further described by Baltzan (2012), technology improves the customer relationship, thereby increasing customer base. Resource management and efficiency are increased due to technology. Technology facilitates quick production due to efficient utilization of resources. It 's hard for an organization to manage all resour ces, especially in the case of huge corporations. Technology plays a vital role through automation of complex processes. Through technology, a team can track the movement of all its resources through the transactions. Due to that, there are minimal errors and confusions, and hence the process takes place smoothly. Technological strategies adopted in large-scale businesses Various technological strategies have been implemented in different organizations E-marketing through social media has been one of the effective strategies in enriching the brand and visibility of a company. In addition to e-marketing, major companies have embraced online shopping. Online shopping one of the newly adapted techniques has caused businesses to reap heavily. As indicated by Dunning (2013), Apple Inc. is the major beneficiary of e-marketing. Apple products have been advertised through various online platforms including Twitter and Facebook. Many organizations also use management tools to streamline the company. Such tools include ERP systems, CRM, and decision-making management systems. One of the key roles is the facilitation of customer relationship through CRM. CRM is a management system which seeks to establish customer loyalty through a wellestablished relationship. Through CRM, an order can be easily placed by a customer and be delivered easily. Implementation of th e program has taken place successfully in Harley-Davidson Company. It is considered a success due to the number of customers; the system has managed to hold. ERP is another strategy that major organizations have adopted. The system is vital due to the role its play in managing company resources. Additionally, ERP allocates employees their duties hence no overworking or underworking of employees would take place. Dell Company implemented ERP system in the year 2013. Since that time, the company has had huge benefits including reduction of cost, effective utilization of materials in addition to the efficient flow of resources. Learning management system is one of the systems currently in use for the purpose of training. Instead of the outdated physical lectures, major companies are applying the concept of e-learning using animated videos and lectures that help employees to learn. The advantage of using the method as opposed to the conventional training method is that the information in e-learning platform is relevant and real-time (Hu et al., 2014). Challenges of adopting new technology in businesses Despite the advantages of technology provided, some challenges result due to the adoption of technology. The most significant challenge is security breach due to cyber crime. A security breach in any company is dangerous since most important details regarding a company can be obtained. Bankruptcy can be caused in case of fraud of money. Banks and other huge organizations have incurred huge losses due to security breaching activities. In addition to security breaching, technology implementation and maintenance remain a serious challenge to many organizations. The systems software and technological experts require huge investments (Bilbao et al., 2013). A company may fail to implement new technology due to the huge cost involved, yet there is no guarantee of returns from the investment. Lastly, technology may become obsolete in case an innovation is established. Companies may fail to implement a new technology due to fear that the technology might become obsolete. Methodology of study The research methodology is the outline of the survey indicating the steps taken by the research process concerning the operational implications and the hypothesis to the final analysis of data (Mirvis et al., 2011). Research design, thus ensures the arrangement of the data collection and analysis parameters in a manner, aiming at combining relevance to the purpose of the research and its economic procedures (Sekaran Bougie, 2013). It thus constitutes decision regarding where, why, what, how, and when concerning the research inquiry. It involves the sampling, observational, statistical, and operational design for the study of the new technological techniques adopted in various global business sectors as well as their impacts on the employees. The methodology of study will adopt the following qualitative and quantitative methods of study. Sampling design According to Goel (2015), the sampling design adopted in a study is based on the element selection technique and the representational basis adopted by a study. The investigation of the information security policies will adopt a random sampling method in selecting the samples of data. The random sampling process will be carried out in five of the top thirty global large-scale businesses. The study will ensure that the top ten global companies selected to adopt the use of IT at different levels of their business systems to make the sampling information relevant to the objective of the study. The study will select the organizations based on the employee size since the objectives of the research mainly target the general employee's performance and not the organizations themselves. Random sampling design It will involve the use of questionnaires that will be sent to all the randomly selected employees. The study will then record the number of employees who have responded to the study as it analyses the kind of information filled in the data. The random sampling method will be used in the survey as it is a simple but effective method of sampling and data collection in a less or more homogenous on the information under study. Observable design The observation method adopted in a study involves the different methods utilized in the process of collecting both primary and secondary data for a study. Survey method is commonly adopted for the primary data collection by many researchers (Otim et al., 2012). However, the collection of the primary data for this study will involve the use of observation and direct interview carried out on appropriate management personnel in the selected companies. The questionnaires used for the study will also collect information regarding the views of the employees themselves towards the new technological strategies adopted by the companies. Interview method Interview method involves the presentation of oral-verbal response and stimulus in the process of collecting verbal information from the targeted audiences according to Baltzan (2012). It is the fastest, cheapest, one of the most flexible methods (Menzel, 2013) that will be adopted in the study so as to identify the relevant questions and information that will be adopted in the pilot survey of the study. It will involve a one-on-one discussion with some of the employees of the selected organizations. From the collected information during the pilot survey, questionnaires can thus be formulated with relevant information that targets specific personnel of the selected organizations so as to collect the relevant technology adopted. Use of questionnaires Questionnaires for the study will be formulated with a base on various information security policies, standards, and security procedures that are globally accepted (Lee, Bae, Choi, 2012). All the questions that will be adopted in the study will as well be subjective questions based on a yes or no type while less than 10% of the questions were of multiple choices. The subsets of the questionnaires will then be distributed to different management departments as per the domains of the organizations. The questionnaires will be forwarded to the respective organizations through the human resource department authority. Statistical design According to Chen, Ramamurthy and Wen (2012), statistical tools play a vital role in helping researchers to design the research process, analyze the data collected so as to draw the relevant conclusions of their study. The tools are thus vital in estimating statistical measures and testing the statistical hypothesis. For this study, the collected data will be analyzed using advanced Excel and the SPSS. For the selected organizations, the data collected will e segregated and consolidated using Microsoft Excel. The SPSS will be used to analyze the data further using the frequency distribution as well as CHI-Square tests after coding and exporting the data from Excel. The distribution frequency techniques will also be applied in testing the number of organizations that are for yes and those for against (no) for different relevant parameters of the hypotheses. The hypotheses will be tested using a level of significance that will be generated by the output from the cross tabulation. In ma king the comparison between different domains, the CHI-square test will be applied. It thus means that the statistical analysis will be performed in two different stages involving the application of the tools of the statistical software (Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS 12.0) as well as the data interpretation and conclusion. Organization, budget, and schedule The progress of the research project will first involve conducting a pre-visit to the chosen organizations so as to create awareness with the management of the chosen organizations towards the progress of the report in the organizations. It will be then be followed with the chosen data collection techniques so as to collect the relevant data for the research. However, a major challenge is the sufficiency of finance to fund the whole project process. Budget Parameter Cost in USD ($) Transportation $ 150 Questionnaires $ 120 Stationary $50 Data analysis $ 100 Total $ 420.00 Schedule Parameter Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Pre-visit Data collection Data Analysis Reports Completion and closure References Baden-Fuller, C., Haefliger, S. (2013). Business models and technological innovation.Long range planning,46(6), 419-426. Baltzan, P. (2012).Business driven technology. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Bilbao-Osorio, B., Dutta, S., Lanvin, B. (2013, April). The global information technology report 2013. InWorld Economic Forum(pp. 1-383). Birch, N. (2014).Birth of the Backyard Business: The Impact of Technology on Creative Industries. GRIN Verlag. Busch, T. (2013). Fair Information Technologies. The Corporate Responsibility of Online Social Networks as Public Regulators. University Of St. Gallen, Business Dissertations, 1-158. Chatterjee, S., Sarker, S., Valacich, J. S. (2015). The Behavioral Roots of Information Systems Security: Exploring Key Factors Related to Unethical IT Use.Journal Of Management Information Systems,31(4), 49-87. doi:10.1080/07421222.2014.1001257 Chen, Y., Ramamurthy, K., Wen, K. (2012). Organizations' Information Security Policy Compliance: Stick or Carrot Approach?.Journal Of Management Information Systems,29(3), 157-188 Cudanov, M., Jasko, O. (2012). Adopting of information and communication technologies and dominant management orientation in organisations. Behaviour Information Technology, 31(5), 509-523. Dimitrakos T. (2012). The CORAS framework for a model-based risk management process. In the Proceeding of the 21th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security, 2002. 18. Drumea, C. (2016). Analysis of institutional and business stress under new technologies implementation. Bulletin Of The Transilvania University Of Brasov, Series I: Engineering Sciences, 9(1), 115-122. Dunning, J. H. (2013).Multinationals, Technology Competitiveness (RLE International Business)(Vol. 13). Routledge. Galy, E., Sauceda, M. J. (2014). Post-implementation practices of ERP systems and their relationship to financial performance.Information Management,51(3), 310-319. Hsieh, C. T. (2015). Implementing self-service technology to gain competitive advantages.Communications of the IIMA,5(1), 9. Hu, H., Wen, Y., Chua, T. S., Li, X. (2014). Toward scalable systems for big data analytics: A technology tutorial.IEEE Access,2, 652-687. Iyengar, K., Sweeney, J. R., Montealegre, R. (2015). Information technology use as a learning mechanism: the impact of it use on knowledge transfer effectiveness, absorptive capacity, and franchisee performance. MIS Quarterly, 39(3), 615-A5. Lee, J., Bae, Z. T., Choi, D. K. (2011). Technology development processes: a model for a developing country with a global perspective.RD Management,18(3), 235-250. McDougall, R. (2015). Reviewing literature in bioethics research: Increasing rigour in non-systematic reviews. Bioethics, 29(7), 523-528. doi:10.1111/bioe.12149 Menzel, A. (2013). How well placed Apple is to sustain its recent success in the Consumer Electronics Industry. Journal Of Business Logistics, 36(3), 288-300. Mirvis, P. H., Sales, A. L., Raey, J., Hackett, E. J. (2010). The Implementation and Adoption of New Technology in Organizations: The Impact on Work, People, and Culture. Human Resource Management, 30(1), 113-139. Otim, S., Dow, K. E., Grover, V., Wong, J. A. (2012). The Impact of Information Technology Investments on Downside Risk of the Firm: Alternative Measurement of the Business Value of IT. Journal Of Management Information Systems, 29(1), 159-194. Schoenherr, T., Ellram, L. M., Tate, W. L. (2015). A Note on the Use of Survey Research Firms to Enable Empirical Data Collection. Journal Of Business Logistics, 36(3), 288-300. Sekaran, U., Bougie, R. (2013). Research methods for business : a skill-building approach. Chichester, West Sussex Wiley, [2013]. Setia, P., Venkatesh, V., Joglekar, S. (2013). Leveraging digital technologies: how information quality leads to localized capabilities and customer service performance. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 565-A4. Wirtz, B. W., Gttel, V. (2016). Technology acceptance in social media: review, synthesis and directions for future empirical research. Journal Of Electronic Commerce Research, 17(2), 97-115